Things That Can Help End World Hunger - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 638 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/29 Category Science Essay Level High school Tags: World Hunger Essay Did you like this example? Genetically modified foods have become present everywhere over the past few years. It is a breakthrough that allows humans to change and add manipulated genes to crops or alter or replace a gene to get a wanted trait, but it has turned into a heavily debated issue, especially for developing countries. Some people believe that these foods not only provide significant amounts of benefits to feed those in poverty in those countries, but they can also be a source of proper nutrition. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Things That Can Help End World Hunger" essay for you Create order In third world countries, malnutrition is a major cause of death, among the poor. For example of a solution, scientists have created a strain of yellow rice containing high amounts of vitamin A and many other nutrients. Also, genetically modified crops are seeped in herbicides and pesticides, and other treatments to help growth and survival of the crop, but then again so are regular crops. So if that is the call of complaints, maybe people should find out how the crops they consider natural are planted. Though there are many, including the large manufactures who claim GMOs are going to save the poor from starving such as in Africa. Africa has a different story to tell. Similarly, delegates from 18 African countries at a meeting of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization responded these claims with a clear statement: We strongly object that the image of the poor and hungry from our countries is being used by giant multinational corporations to push a technology that is neither safe, environmentally friendly, nor economically beneficial to us. We do not believe that such companies or gene technologies will help our farmers to produce the food that is needed On the contrary it will undermine our capacity to feed ourselves. (Earth Island Journal) According to Harvard University, the process is more straightforward than you will see on the internet and this process actually is producing results. In the past 10 years production of the staples such as beans and corn have increased nearly 30 percent. (Feeding the World One Genetically Modified Tomato at a Time: A Scientific Perspective) Staples are becoming hybrids of themselves, containing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that work to control a number of serious problems such as insect pesticide and are now being utilized commercially in the United States. Using these will slowly get rid of the need to use those harmful insecticides. Improvements and great progress also has been made in the development of bettering staple foods such as corn and beans. The development of these plants could lead to a reduction in overall herbicide use. This should have both economic and environmental advantages, in theory. (Ending World Hunger. The Promise of Biotechnology and the Threa t of Antiscience Zealotry) The first thing to do if we truly want to end world hunger is accept this claim introduced by large corporations. This claim has no scientific backing whatsoever. The second barrier is the lack of research funds for agriculture and biodiversity (the variety of crops) and it is important to find solutions compatible with funding for research in genetic alteration of crops. Favoring biodiversity does not deny access to any future utilization of technology in the biological field but favoring biotechnology threatens future advances in biodiversity. (Feeding the world: genetically modified crops versus agricultural biodiversity) In other words, if we keep favoring the GMOs, we are stumping evolution and the natural order of things, therefore plant life will become severely limited. We will technically put the natural selection process in our hands. Whether or not this will be a good thing is yet to be seen. According to the Huffington Post, millions of children die due to inefficiencies in certain vitamins. (Can GMOs Help End World Hunger?) If we can stop these children from dying, I think it is worth the risks. Nothing values over human life. Sorry, plants.

Analysis On Risk Management By Contractors Who Work On...

CHAPTER 3.0: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Brief Case background The research takes a case study approach. The case study analysis dwelt on risk management by Contractors who work on energy and utility construction projects, including strategies and supporting structures for managing risks, complete with an analysis of how these strategies and structures are implemented and supported by the Contractors resources base. The researcher specifically chose utility contractors for this study as the Energy and Utilities sector play an indispensable role in the global economy and in the UK, industry employs around 2% of the UK workforce (AGCAS, 2012). Moreover, the UK government identified the Utilities companies as companies that are heavily involved in risky incidents affecting their sector thus playing a crucial role in the preparation and planning for emergencies responsibilities (UK Government, 2013). According to Yip (2003) construction is risky as it almost always certainly involves loss of time and money. Above all, any denial of service during ou tage result in impact on communities (Lindman, 2008) and utility services are no exception. Against this background, it could be argued that contractors working on construction projects undoubtedly play a significant role in managing risks in order to stay in business. 3.2 Validity of Case Study as a Method of Research The case study of utility contractors was undertaken. Yin (2003) recommends the used of case study when the focusShow MoreRelatedBackground Information : Borton Lawson Engineering1906 Words   |  8 Pagesfirm’s management remaining focused and proud for having being an organically built and sustainably growing business. The firm specializes in the provision of both architectural and engineering design services to all types of customers (Corporate, governments and individuals) worldwide. 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Throughout this era, litigation chastised the mismanaged organizations to the tune of billions of dollars. In this same era, Arab countries declared an oil embargo in the United States, oil prices soared and long lines at the gas pumps reflected the nation’s first fuel shortage since World War II. These events fast tracked the immediate needRead MoreManaging Director ( Sse Hydro ) Essay3964 Words   |  16 Pages(Property Manager) Date: 14th August 2014 Subject: SSE Hydro, Glasgow-Asset Maintenance Policy Issues: 01 INTRODUCTION As the Facilities Manager of Scottish Exhibition Conference Centre Ltd, based in Glasgow. This document will provide a management framework to ensure that these assets are maintained effectively to support the Exhibition Conference Centre. This document also presents a consistent approach to the maintenance of all the assets and defines the roles and responsibilities ofRead MoreDescribe How to Establish Respectful Professional Relationships with Adults52870 Words   |  212 PagesCONSTRUCTING THE TEAM by Sir Michael Latham Joint Review of Procurement and Contractual Arrangements in the United Kingdom Construction Industry Final Report July 1994  © Crown copyright 1994 Applications for reproduction should be made to HMSO First published 1994 ISBN 0 11 752994 X Designed by Design, Drawing and Print Services DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT Foreword Constructing the Team ................................................. v Executive Summary ........

Essay on Foxwoods (gambling) - 1401 Words

There are many reasons why people gamble and what the advantages and disadvantages are of risking your bank account on the roll of the dice or the luck of the draw. I originally set out to try and explain why people gamble, but I realized that gambling is just as much of a business or industry as anything else. I researched Foxwoods casino, in CT, and the business behind that. From there I will attempt to explain the â€Å"cause and effect† of gambling. Gambling has made much more sense to me now, and I hope it will do the same for you. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Foxwoods resort casino, the largest of its kind in North America and most profitable casino in the world, got its start with the advent of a bingo hall in 1987. At this time the†¦show more content†¦In 1995, Mickey Brown stated that the tribe had given the state of Connecticut $307 million since 1991 and since 1992, Foxwoods spent $319 million on goods and services. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;All of the success the Pequots have experienced has occurred due to the signing of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) on October 17, 1988. This act permitted class III gaming establishments by American Indian Tribes. The Act stated that Tribal governments were the primary regulators on Indian Gaming but that the Tribes were required to negotiate with their specific states to conduct a Class III gambling establishment. This is called the state regulatory layer to state-tribal compact agreements. After the IGRA was passed the Pequots pursued a Malaysian rubber company of Genting International requesting a loan, which they eventually secured. It was paid off in just seven months. Genting International also lent the tribe an additional $142 million for expansion and a 610 – room hotel and formed a partnership to build a second 330 – room hotel nearby. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The pact between the State of Connecticut and The Mashantucket Pequots gave the Pequots the exclusive right to operate slot machines. This was amended on April 25, 1994, when the State, the Mohegan Tribe, and the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe singed an agreement that allowed the Mohegan tribe to operate slotShow MoreRelatedPorter s Five Forces Industry Based Model1523 Words   |  7 Pageslicense fees and costs. (Grimaldi, 2015) Mohegan has competitors within the New England region such as Fox woods and Wynn resort. Geography can limit the draw of a casino depending on the region, as many potential customers will have to pass other gambling halls to get to a new entrants location. A new company will be forced to catch up with competitors and perhaps might win over the current competitors. Another issue for Mohegan sun is, some competitors might not need state license to operate withinRead MoreShould Casinos Be Legalized?1514 Words   |  7 PagesHave you ever longed to go there and try your hand at a fortune? Almost everyone has a dream that they’ll win big, and this is why towns such as Las Vegas have such a strong appeal to the public. The problem arises when people visit casinos and take gambling too far. For some this form of entertainment turns into an addiction. This creates a rather big controversy whether casinos should or should not be legalized in certain countries such as Thailand. Some c laim that it should be legalized because casinosRead MoreThe Effects of Gambling on Society1594 Words   |  7 PagesAs gambling becomes more and more prevalent in todays society, one must look at the positive and negative aspects of the construction of casinos and other gambling establishments. While casinos have been shown to benefit local economies by creating jobs and generating tax revenues, they also lead to many social problems such as increased suicide, crime, accident, and high-school drop out rates. For example, in Indiana, a study shows its ten riverboat casinos are to blame for $1 million worth ofRead MoreThe Case Of The Fbi Essay882 Words   |  4 Pagesauthorities at that hearing. In fact, that same hearing featured written testimony from Jim Moody, the FBI’s former Chief of the organized-crime section. â€Å"The FBI does not see a ‘coordinated, concerted effort’ by organized-crime families to raid the Indian gambling industry,† wrote Moo dy. â€Å"As legalized gaming spreads throughout the United States, we are seeing that those states with strong regulations and enforcement are not experiencing an influx of organized crime activity.† Obviously, a cash-heavy, multi-billionRead MoreLegalized Gambling2290 Words   |  10 PagesEconomic Impacts of Legalized Gambling Class # Title By Charles Conner Baltimore, Maryland December 6, 2005 Professor: Dr. Ira Sohn The Economic Impacts of Legalized Gambling Introduction The effect of gambling on the standard of living will be pronounced if the gambling activity is regressive, meaning that the rate of participation (as a percentage of income) declines as people earn higher incomes. In other words, if most gamblers are poor, then gambling is more likely to affectRead MoreIts Time to Legalize Slots in the State of Maryland Essay1807 Words   |  8 Pages The issue of legalizing slots and/or legalized gambling in the State of Maryland is a complex one, and one of great consequence to both the State’s residents, and the future of the State itself. Maryland Governor Robert Ehrlich’s slots bill proposes that the State place a total of 15,500 slot machines or video poker machines in six different locations, three of which would be chosen from a pool of four Maryland racetracks. The racetracks that would be eligible to install slots or video poker machinesRead More Gambling Casinos Essay868 Words   |  4 Pages Gambling Casinos: A Plague on Society Gamblers no longer need to trek to Las Vegas or Atlantic City to find the action they so badly crave. It is available today in their own hometowns. Legalized gambling is one of the fastest growing industries in the United States. Gambling’s tremendous popularity is evident in the recent increase in the number of off-track betting parlors (OTB’s) and riverboat casinos that dot the midwest and the Mississippi Delta. Billboards on major highways depict theRead MoreGambling in The Bahamas: Should it Be Legalized? 1821 Words   |  7 PagesBahamians about their views on gambling. The referendum asked Bahamians if they supported the regularization and taxation of web shop gaming. As noted in the results, the mass of the Bahamian people voted no against the referendum. Today, the gambling issue has reawakened and Bahamians are now in a fight against the laws of their country. Several Bahamians believe that the law discriminates against Ba hamians because it prohibits Bahamians from owning and legally gambling in casinos within in their homelandRead MoreGambling is it Right or Wrong?2704 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿ Gambling --Is it Right or Wrong Gambling has been around forever, and I am sure it has always been a controversial issue. History and ethnography show us that, across societies of the past and present, gambling varies considerably with respect to its organization, social meanings, and how it is regarded in moral terms. (Binde,2005). Since the time when the guards for Jesus cast lots for his clothes, when Las Vegas was built and now today with theRead MorePro and Con of Liberalized Gambling in Texas7402 Words   |  30 PagesEfforts are once again underway in the legislature to bring casino-style gambling to Texas. It’s an idea that has failed in recent legislative sessions, but backers are hoping they’ve found the right formula for success in 2009. There are many appealing arguments on the side of pro-gambling groups. Keeping gambling money that is now going to Louisiana and Oklahoma in Texas is one popular idea. Reviving the state’s horse-raising industry by allowing slot machines at racetracks is another. Some advocates

Preventing Hispanic Teenage Mothers From Being Able For...

There are many barriers which prevent Hispanic teenage mothers from being able to graduate high school. However, there are many ways they can overcome those obstacles, such as receiving their education and having educational, family, health, and economical support. School/Education Staying in school and receiving their education is important so teenage mothers can remain resilient and graduate high school. In a study conducted, 69.7% of adolescents in the study were either enrolled, or graduated from high school. 78.7% of those adolescents received passing grades, and 76.7% of them saw finishing high school as essential (SIaDAPA). Most of the adolescents in this study saw the importance of staying in school and education, and they graduated. They know that eventually their hard work will pay off. This shows that graduating high school is related to the students’ value of how important high school is (SIaDAPA). Along with their cultural and social norms, a teen’s personal values may be reflected by their educational decisions in life (School Importance and Dropout Among Pregnant Adolescents). If they desire positive educational desires, they’ll have positive personal values such as being courageous, staying motivated, and being committed. If teenage mothers do not have high expectations for themselves academically, we can assume that they may not have positive personal values in order to persevere and graduate high school. Therefore, they are less likely to graduate highShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teens1643 Words   |  7 PagesEvery teen has dream about how they want to graduate from high school and then go to college, but some teens are not willing to take the challenge. Some of these teens want to drop out of high school and other teens want to keep furthering their education. For some there are obstacle that life throw at them to be able to accomplish their goals. Earning an education is challenging enough, but when there is a teen parent trying to finish their education it becomes more difficult than it would beRead MoreThe Prevention Of Teenage Pregnancy2414 Words   |  10 PagesPrevention of Teenage Pregnancy Becoming a parent can be a challenging situation even for the most prepared. However, if you are a teenager, it can be the biggest challenge of young adolescent life. Teen pregnancy can affect one physically, emotionally, as well as financially. The stress and pressure that comes with finding out your pregnant can be devastating. From finding the right words to tell your parents to finding ways to pay for the cost of having your baby and the ultimate pressure figuringRead MoreTeen Pregnancy and High School Drop Out Prevention3722 Words   |  15 PagesTeenage pregnancy is affecting the graduation rate in high schools. All over the nation the dropout rate of students is increasing, of which teen pregnancy is often a factor. â€Å"Approximately 1,000 high school students will drop out with each hour that passes in a school day in America. This means that 30 percent of the class of 2007, or 1.2 million students, were estimated to have dropped out last year† (National Womens La w Center, 2007). Many factors combine to affect a pregnant or parenting teen’sRead MoreThesis, Term Paper, Essay, Research Paper21993 Words   |  88 PagesCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT Adolescent pregnancy has long been a worldwide social and educational concern for the developed, developing and underdeveloped countries. Many countries continue to experience high incidence of teenage pregnancy despite the intervention strategies that have been put in place. In 1990 approximately 530,000 teenagers in the United States became pregnant, 51% of whom gave birth (Coley Chase-Lansdale, 1998). Available literature suggests that fertilityRead MoreChild Poverty10142 Words   |  41 Pagespreserve and extend access to The Future of Children. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 137.154.16.32 on Thu, 16 May 2013 10:19:38 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 72 Child Can Be Poverty Reduced Abstract RobertD. Plotnick Robert D. Plotnick, Ph.D., is professorof and publicaffairs social work at the Graduate School PublicAffairs of and School of Social at Work the University in of Washington Seattle. Child poverty can be reduced by policiesRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pagestypically have to stay in the hospital for a longer amount of time because they have a lot more co-morbidities that need to be treated. Being brought to the ED is extremely expensive. Critical interventions are very costly, and so are all the diagnostic tests that must be done. They usually don’t have insurance. High mental heath issues in the homeless population. High risk for infections, trauma, violence. Don’t age very well. Where do they seek health care services? (pg. 425, Effects of HomelessRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesIntroduction to Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third EditionRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagessave money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experiencedRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrievalRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesWeidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction

Social Security Policy Proposal-Samples for Students- Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Social Security search for the existing problems and develop a policy proposal which needs change. Answer: Social Security Policy of Australia: An Overview In Australia, social security is a system of social welfare payments that is provided by the Commonwealth Government of Australia. The Department of Human Services usually administers such payments. The social security system receives its fund from general taxation revenue and it endows with flat rate income support payments to those individuals who are incapable to work (people who are sick or disable) or are not expected to work (retired people) or the unemployed. Individuals who have dependent children and pay rent in the private rental market are provided with additional payments. The social security protection provides to the war veterans and their dependant with pension facilities, which includes both the income support payments and the compensation scheme (Kitao, 2014). The Commonwealth Government makes such payments from the general revenue. Further, the social policy also funds voluntary and compulsory occupational superannuation, health care compensation, road accidents compensation, paid sick leaves and other welfare services and benefits to the citizens of the country. Deficiency in the Policy The Australian Social Security Policy suffers from certain deficiencies, which entail inadequacy in the lower allowance payments like the Newstart allowance and the students payment scheme and there is an increase gap between these payments and the pension payment schemes as well (Hamilton, 2014). The incline in the complexity of the system, the existing hindrance in the employment schemes, the arbitrary fall in the payments of the single parents as and when their children grow older and, lastly, the inflated housing expenses for individuals with low incomes, requires an effective and appropriate reform in the social security policy of the country. Identifying the Issues in the Policy The dissection of social security payments between the higher pension and lower allowance is regarded as outdated and unjust. Although there are several issues related to the existing social security policy of the country, but one of the most talked about issues is regarding the income support payment scheme, especially for the people of working age (18-64 years). The other essential issue that this proposal highlights is the increased gap between the allowance payments and the pension schemes that is provided by the existing social security policy. The proposal talks about the other related issues that add up to the highlighted issues and affects the efficacy of the existing policy such as the arbitrariness in the payment rates, complexity in the payments levels, etc. It discourages the individuals to take part in the labor market of the country, thus affecting the socio-economic condition of the country. This system separates people into two individual groups, where one group is co nsidered as capable of working and the other group is deemed as incapable of work. The individuals who are able to work are entitled to lower allowances as it is believed that it is adequate t provide them with only short term income support (Taylor, Gray Stanton, 2016). On the other hand, people who are entitled to higher pension payments like the Disability Support pension are the ones who are considered as people who lack the capacity to work. Since these people do not have to search for jobs and are in no need of any training requirements unlike those who are provided with allowances, these people are not endowed with much help with respect to transition to employment. The division of payments between the allowances and pensions is responsible for the steep fall in the income-support payment scheme for several individuals with disability and the single parents. The essential issues with respect to the social security policy may be summarized into the following points: the payments are arbitrary in nature and is subject to irregularities; the system is intricate and obsolete; the division between the allowances and pensions encourage employment; the requirements of activity are intricate and rigid with inconsiderate penalties; If the Commonwealth government did not divide the payments into so many levels, between those who are required to search for jobs and those who do not require seeking employment, the policies would not have led to payment cuts. This policy could have concentrated on aiding people to seek for paid employment and not depend on the income support scheme (Saunders, Bradbury Wong, 2016). Background of the issues The income support scheme under the governmental policy implies that the system is based on two important values. One of the values is the recognition of the Commonwealth government and the responsibility of the society to provide assistance to those who are in need of financial assistance (Smith, 2014). The other value is the requirement of providing private assistance outside the social security system to encourage individuals and the income support payments scheme is considered as a safe way to provide such external assistance. The different level of payments is not the problem, the fact that these payments fail to cater to the financial needs of the individuals, is the main problem of the social security policy. These payments are based on the ambiguous and intricate evaluation of the future employment potential of the individuals that is, whether they would fall into the group of able to work or the group of unable to work. The income-support payment scheme is not fair as it does not meet the needs of the people and it discourages participation in the employment sector. This is because if the people take part in paid employment, they shall be subject to the risk of receiving lower allowances; hence, this holds back the people from seeking employment. As outlined above, the first issue related to the social security policy is that it is arbitrary in nature and there are irregularities in the payments. The Newstart allowance is merely $231 per week, which is less than the pension rate for any single adult. The payment rate for any single fulltime student who lives on his own, irrespective of age of the student is appropriately $162 per week that is less than the pension (McVicar Wilkins, 2013). These differences in the payment rates are unjust and arbitrary in nature. The lack of connection between the cost of living and payment levels results in financial suffering of individuals, in particular the individuals who are disability support pensioners and are unable to raise even a minimum amount of money at the time of emergency. The second issue states that the policy suffers from complications and is obsolete. The policy is complex as every income support payments have separate eligibility and activities requirements, income of tests and payment rates. The Social Security Act is of 630 pages and is difficult even for the experts to comprehend the statute. Further, the policy provides lower payments under the Newstart allowance compared to the pensions on the ground that individuals who are unemployed are not considered deserving of pensions as they are the ones who have the capability to work. Therefore, they only require short-term assistance until they are employed. The payments under pension have always been reserved for people who are incapable of working (Atalay Barrett, 2015). The concept of dividing people between the able to work and unable to work is obsolete. Most of the people suffering from any form of disability would rather get assistance to overcome their disability and work instead of depending on the Disability Support Pension. However, these people utilize their energies in establishing their incapability to work to avert being transferred to a lower payment level. The sole reason being, the allowances paid to individuals who are employed is very low, thus, the policy discourages people to participant in employment activities. The third issue related to the policy is that it discourages people to seek employment and take part in employment activities. In case of individuals under the Disability Support pension retain a job for 2 years, the pension eligibility requirement of such individuals becomes subject to evaluation (Schofield et al., 2014). In case they lose the job, they shall be entitled to claim lower Newstart allowance. Similarly, if any single parent with school going children receives pension under the parenting payment, and is employed fulltime for more than 3 months, his/her pension shall become subject to risk as she would have to claim payment under the Newstart Allowance, if he/she loses the job. The fourth issue related to the policy is that it entails intricate activity requirement and the penalties are very inconsiderate. In case of the individuals who are suffering from disability is transferred from the pension payment level to the allowance payment level, they become entitled to stringent activities requirements. Moreover, the policy does not provide any flexibility in the requirements and consequently the individuals have to report to the Centrelink and establish that they are seeking several jobs in one week. The policy fails to consider the circumstances of every individual and the factors that act as hindrances to work such as the individuals may have disabled children who needs to be looked after or have young children who requires constant care (Morris Wilson, 2014). The social security policy merely imposes its services upon its recipients without leaving any scope for negotiations; consequently, it condenses the probability of success. Further, if any individual is unable to fulfill the stipulated requirements shall be subjected to severe penalties, which would disentitle the recipients from income support for a period of 8 weeks. Policy Development This proposal aims at redressing the above-discussed issues related to the social security policy of the Commonwealth Government. The key objective is to eliminate the difference between the pension payments for those who are unable to work and the allowance payments for those who are capable of working. The recipients of the policy must be entitled to a right to payments, the rate of payment must be set at the Australian Minimum Standard of Living, and the policy must be responsible for taking reasonable steps to provide financial independence to the recipients. The policy must be reformed in a manner that it provides financial assistance to individuals keeping in mind their respective needs and position, such as people with disability or a caring parent etc. This proposal lays down the following development principles that may be applied to address the discussed issues: the government must set a benchmark to assess the adequacy of income support payments; In order to eliminate the distinction between the allowance and pension payments based on the notion of ability of a person to work, the social security policy may be divided into a set of income-support payments for individuals who lack sufficient private income. The policy shall provide a set of additional assistance to those who require special assistance; Income-support payments for people who are of working age shall be based on the Australian Minimum Standard of living, which would act as a minimum and acceptable standard of living for a single adult working individual. Further, the policy may provide additional assistance with respect to non-discretionary expenses such as disability expenses and housing rents. The government may increase the rate of the Newstart allowance and other related allowances by $ 45 every week. This could be an initiative for the income support individuals and for eliminating the gap between the rate of allowances and the pensions. The payments to be made under this social security policy must be regulated by legislation, which would determine the minimum living standards within the community and the increase n the rate of payments. For the individuals who are suffering from any form of disability that has incapacitated the person from working, the policy must provide additional assistance relating to any significant non-discretionary expenses. In other words, the disable person would become entitled to a combination of the income support payment and additional payments for his/her disability (Williams Smith, 2014). However, other people who are capable of working shall only be entitled to the income support payment and no additional supplements. There must be some level of flexibility in the activity requirements with respect to the income support payment. The services shall no more be imposed upon the recipients, they shall be entitled to negotiate regarding the services with the Centrelink. For the carer, single parent and the disables, these must not be the criteria to determine their eligibility to become recipient of income support payment; instead, the Australian minimum standard of living should be the criteria for the same. Implementation In order to implement the above-discussed reforms, it is imperative for all the stakeholders who are directly affected by the social security policy of the country. It is the responsibility of the employers, government and the service providers to ensure that the participation requirements of the policy are fulfilled effectively. It is their mutual obligations to assure that there is an availability of paid work and that the procedure of recruiting is just. These stakeholders must further ensure that any person seeking for employment is entitled to individualized assistance for the same (Kiely Butterworth, 2013). In case of determining the minimum standard of living, the government must appoint an Independent Commission of experts who would consider the standard of living of the social security policy recipients. The Independent Commission may provide a report on the adequacy of the payment rates to the Parliament regularly every five years. Recommendations The social workers who act as a voice for the people affected by the inequality and poverty recommend the government to frame a social security policy that introduces adequate payments that based on the requirement of the recipients. Such policy must encourage people to take part in the employment activities as far as it is feasible for the recipients to do so. The policy must aim at supporting and assisting people who are unable to work to enable to overcome their barriers to work (Zammit, 2017). The social workers recommend a policy that guarantees fair and reasonable returns from work and meet the individual requirements of the recipients, thus, enabling them to be a part of the workforce and render services that help them become capable to support themselves as well as their families. The Government is under obligation to provide social security to individuals who do not have any private income or have a little income. The Social security policy should be such that it provides support services to people who are in actual need of financial assistance and are seeking for paid employment (Mendes, 2015). The social security policy that aims at providing support to people of working age should work with people and organization, which receives income support services. The social workers recommend that the Government extend its review panel to ensure that people who need support are endowed with assistance. The payment structure under the social security system with respect to people of working age must be based on two essential elements. One is that the structure should include a common income support payment and another element is that there must be additional supplements for people who require special needs such as the disabled persons (Marston, 2014). In other words, unlike the existing payment structure under the policy, the reformed policy must consider the financial requirement of the recipients instead of their capacity or based on the employment prospects in future. The proposal talks about the steep fall in the social security payment in respect of the single parents when their children start growing older. The social workers recommend a reformed policy, which ensures that there is an increase in the security payment with an objective to prevent a reduction in the income-support payment package of these families. The main objective of the proposed social security policy is to frame the policy in a manner that no individual is denied financial assistance and those with the greatest need must receive additional assistance from the government of the country. Reference list Atalay, K., Barrett, G. F. (2015). The impact of age pension eligibility age on retirement and program dependence: evidence from an Australian experiment.Review of Economics and Statistics,97(1), 71-87. Bellon, M., Crocker, R., Farnden, J., Gardner, J., Sando, S., Peterson, C. (2015). Family support needs following acquired brain injury across metropolitan and regional/remote South Australia.Brain Impairment,16(02), 131-144. Bowman, D., McGann, M. (2015). Tick-and-flick? Mature age jobseekers experiences of employment services. Hamilton, M. (2014). The new social contractand the individualisation of risk in policy.Journal of Risk Research,17(4), 453-467. Kiely, K. M., Butterworth, P. (2013). Social disadvantage and individual vulnerability: A longitudinal investigation of welfare receipt and mental health in Australia.Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,47(7), 654-666. Kitao, S. (2014). Sustainable social security: Four options.Review of Economic Dynamics,17(4), 756-779. Lenette, C., McDonald, D., Fowler, J. L. (2014). Newstartor StopStart? The implications of recent welfare reforms on undergraduate students who are sole parents.Higher Education Research Development,33(3), 627-630. Marston, G. (2014). Welfare for some, illfare for others: The social policy agenda of the Abbott Government.Australian Review of Public Affairs. McKenzie, H. J., McHugh, C., McKay, F. H. (2016). Life on newstart allowance: a new reality for low-income single mothers.Journal of Family Studies, 1-16. McVicar, D., Wilkins, R. (2013). Explaining the growth in the number of recipients of the Disability Support Pension in Australia.Australian Economic Review,46(3), 345-356. Mendes, P. (2015). The changing nature of the Australian welfare state: A critical analysis of the ACOSS campaign to increase the Newstart Allowance.Australian Journal of Political Science,50(3), 427-441. Morris, A., Wilson, S. (2014). Struggling on the Newstart unemployment benefit in Australia: The experience of a neoliberal form of employment assistance.The Economic and Labour Relations Review,25(2), 202-221. Reference Group on Welfare Reform (Australia), McClure, P., Sinclair, S., Aird, W. (2015).A New System for Better Employment and Social Outcomes: Report of the Reference Group on Welfare Reform to the Minister for Social Services: Final Report. Saunders, P., Bradbury, B., Wong, M. (2016). The growing gap between rich and poor in Australia.Australian Journal of Labour Economics,19(1), 15. Saunders, P., Wong, M., Bradbury, B. (2016). Poverty in Australia since the financial crisis: the role of housing costs, income growth and unemployment.Journal of Poverty and Social Justice,24(2), 97-112. Schofield, D., Cunich, M., Shrestha, R., Passey, M., Kelly, S., Tanton, R., Veerman, L. (2014). The impact of chronic conditions of care recipients on the labour force participation of informal carers in Australia: which conditions are associated with higher rates of non-participation in the labour force?.BMC public health,14(1), 561. Smith, A. (2014). Cost Sharing of Pensions Paid Under the 2001 New Zealand-Australia Social Security Agreement: Should It Be Time for Change?. Taylor, D. R., Gray, M., Stanton, D. (2016). New conditionality in Australian social security policy.Australian Journal of Social Issues,51(1), 3. Williams, T. M., Smith, G. P. (2014). Can the National Disability Insurance Scheme work for mental health?.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,48(5), 391-394. Zammit, A. (2017). Long-term unemployment in Australia.

Statistics and the Evaluation of Evidence

Question: Discuss about the Statistics and the Evaluation of Evidence. Answer: Introduction: Nicole and O.J. Brown got married on 2nd February in the year 1985 after he retired from his professional football for about five years. They had two children, S.B. Simpson and J.R. Simpson. The marriage life of the couple lasted for three years where Nichole Brown complained about domestic violence, and the police were found investigating on that matter. Lastly, Mrs Brown filed a divorce against her husband on the ground of "irreconcilable differences" on 25th February 1992. The term of citing irreconcilable differences is a rule in Australia providing possible grounds for divorce for quantity of jurisdictions. According to the Australian family law, the couple can file a divorce because they have been estranged couple and stayed separated or nearly or more than twelve months. So, to sum up, it is observed that every irrevocable condition or the conditions that cannot get reconciled, then the irreconcilable differences take place that requires waiting period or mutual consent. Discussion: The matter of Nichole Brown and O.J. Simpson came in the limelight because of the murder case that took place on June 13, 1994, where Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were found murdered. The incident took place in theBrentwoodarea of Los Angeles. Nicole Brown was found dead with multiple wounds on her head and neck resulting from multiple stabbing and even had some defensive wounds on her hands. Keeping the records of the incident, the investigators took up some of the elements that would help them to bring a conclusion to the investigation. Crucial elements for investigating process relevant to trial proceedings: The investigation focus on the Simpson case included the questioning to Simpson by the Los Angeles Police for about more than half an hour on 2nd June 1994. The Department put emphasizes on the deep cut on his right hand and asked him numerous questions about the cut. In the initial stage, he repeatedly claimed about his being unaware of the cut but later he admitted the cause of the wound (Hunt, 1999). In the later stage, he explained that the cut happened due to the breaking of the glass of his Bronco at the night when he was informed about the murder of Nichole Brown. The investigators found out some physical evidence from the case near the victim's body. The contents of the physical evidence are located in the grounds of Simpson's estate and also near victim's body. The findings included two leather gloves one of which remained beside the body and other within the estate. The main area of investigation included that whether they are the same pair of gloves which means are the glove related with the other pair or is identical; but a different pair. The DNA evidence was another important fact of evidence (Aitken Taroni, 2004). The investigators collected the samples of the footprints that lead away from the body. The team also took evidence from the condominium so as to see if anything matches between the two samples. The samples were brought in to undergo some Initialpolymerase chain reactionwhich did not suspect Simpson in the first place. But there were some matching composites found from the bloody shoe prints and the samples in front of the gate. Apart from what is found in front of the victims body, the investigators also found out some more evidence that was submitted to the jurists. So on one of the hearing, Ross Cutlery showed some store receipt that indicated Simpson buying of the 12-inch (305 mm) stiletto knife six weeks before the occurrence of the murder. The investigators also found the strands of hair on Goldmans shirt that were consistent with Simpson. The investigators also focused on the gathering of several coins covered with fresh blood drops behind the Browns condo, where they parked the car. The investigators also found gloves containing the particles of the hair and the cap contained carpet fibres similar to the fibres of Simpson's Bronco. One of the black knit knife caps contained the strands of African-American hair. Some dark blue strands of the cloth fibre were found on the body of Brownman, which the witness confirmed that Simpson wore something similar on that night. Major errors/ flaws/ weakness of the case: The OJ Simpson case taught the police not to carry on certain activities while going on with the research. During the trial, the defense attorney for the Simpson case found out some gaps in the prosecution case after observing some problems by the Los Angeles Police Department while handling with the evidence. The officers did not even ask him the general follow-up questions required to ask at that time to extract the truth. The officers were only concerned about the deep red cut and got convinced with the reply by Simpson. They did not even ask the reason why he denied of being unknown to the source of the cut in the initial stage of questioning. The timing of the incident that took place is paramount while making an investigation. One of the weak points the case of Simpson is that the jurists were easily convinced with the mentioned time. The contents were not even gone for the autopsy so that the organic contents could be examined which would help to define the exact time of the murder. The investigators only focused on the questioning of the accused. The possible things which are required while examining a witness are their mental capacity and how much reliable their memory was. The Spanish speaking witness told the investigators that she heard some sounds in the backyard of the Simpsons family. Later she confirmed that the investigators took note of it but never came back for further questioning or giving any feedback. The facts of less concentration to what the witnesses explained led Simpson out of the trial (Thagard, 2003). Recommendations for the errors to be avoided during a criminal investigation: On 13th June 1994, one of the LAPD evidence file photos shows that Mark Fuhrman a member of Los Angeles Police Dept. shows some pieces of evidence near the body of Nicole Brown Simpson. The evidence showed some bloodstained footprints or the walkway of the condominium. Possible missed evidence is regarding the time of the death of the victim when any incident or accidents take place (Cotterill, 2002). The time of the death of the victim solves many problems, and a mere assumption can lead to the opposite. It is always advisable that to carry out an investigation; it is important to send the body for an autopsy that will examine the stomach contents. The examination can further lead to the appropriate and perfect timing which can open up different sides of the case that remained undisclosed. The witness issue is the most critical issue of the case. When the Spanish-speaking lady confirmed about the happenings at that time, the police noted down the facts and without further questioning they went back. It is important to keep track of the witnesses and not just rely on one statement to strengthen a case (Fisher et al., 1997). The lady even said that the investigators never came back after one session with her, and that led her to confusion. It was even found out while going through the case that not all the pieces of evidence were handed to the jury, explaining the money power of some people. It is advisable to remain unbiased while making the decision. Influence of media on the outcome of the case: Media is a mass form of communication and is likely to influence the views of the common people, and when the celebrity comes in that, they are portrayed either negatively or positively (Weston, 1995). The extensive coverage by the media on stories that involves the court can highly alter the court decision which occurred in the matter of OJ Simpson as witnessed in the murder trial. After having a thorough look at the medias part in the case, the primary fact that came up is, the media affected the trial issue by highlighting it as a race issue. The impact of the case is such that the media went on saying that can be black people get fair justice, hinting towards racialism (Williams, 2001). The comment of the media made the common people believe that Simpson is a victim of racialism and that he is innocent in a real sense. The people forecasted their concentration on the biased police and the jurists. The confusion of the views of the people had led a compulsory entry to the courtroom while the trial was going on. The ongoing trial faced a lot of difficulties to be carried on as the media published such stories before confirming the actual fact. It is an imperative issue here that the jurors are likely to get influenced by the media coverage since they were under continuous watch of the media. The jurors in the courtroom may decide a different order while after going home and watching the news can make them alter it since most of the public supported the issue. The jurors feel that the Americans public opinion plays an important and passing a different issue may give rise to some internal confusion. The extensive media coverage can influence the jurors in such a manner that they take decisions which goes sometimes against the American Court System. The impact leads to such a decision which is reached by wrong means, as in the case of OJ Simpson. The media must be professional in the way of viewing a matter as when they do not allow the court to do their work, which leads to some unlawful judgment. The judges were quite concerned about the infamous Bronco car chase by the police in slow motion as well as the gloves scene in the court room. Another controversy that came up regarding the media coverage and its impact on the case is that the court allowed entry of camera inside the trial room. Initially, that was a huge question, whether the allowing of the camera inside the courtroom can be permitted or not. Later, the media won the issue and the coverage through the camera could be warranted (Furno-Lamude, 1999). Although the jurists were criticized for allowing the entry of the camera within the courtroom, they admitted that they felt some pressure due to the presence of media and had to allow them. The media coverage, however, gave a massive amount of news feed to the common people that gave them the chance to go insight of the matter. The court is not supposed to allow any media or entertain them within the court room. The immense involvement of the media made the court to alter their decision about allowing the camera within the courtroom. The matter was as clear to decide OJ Simpson being a murderer. But the matter mostly ended with some bargaining in the compensation for the loss of the two victims that includes OJ Simpsons ex-wife and her friend. Conclusion: While drawing a conclusion on the case of the Simpson, it is clear that the evidence placed in front of the jurists plays a major role in the decision of the matter. But the major acquittal of this case is that the defence was successfully neutralised the DNA evidence against him. The most important battle over the DNA was that how poorly it was placed for the trial to carry out. So, while making a study about the case of Simpson, it is important to put emphasise on the use of the evidence and the way it can get alternated. The problems that arose, in this case, conclude that it is a mere cautionary tale. The risks of using controversial methods sometimes outstate the value harming the defendant. References: Aitken, C. G., Taroni, F. (2004).Statistics and the Evaluation of evidence for forensic scientists(Vol. 16). Chichester: Wiley. Cotterill, J. (2002). Just one more time: aspects of intertextuality in the trials of OJ Simpson. InLanguage in the legal process(pp. 147-161). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Fisher, G., Bugliosi, V., Cochran, J. L., Rutten, T., Cooley, A., Bess, C., ... Dershowitz, A. M. (1997). The OJ Simpson Corpus. Furno-Lamude, D. (1999). The media spectacle and the OJ Simpson case.The OJ Simpson trials: Rhetoric, media and the law, 19-35. Hunt, D. M. (1999).OJ Simpson facts and fictions: News rituals in the construction of reality. Cambridge University Press. Thagard, P. (2003). Why wasn't OJ convicted? Emotional coherence in legal inference.Cognition Emotion,17(3), 361-383. Weston, C. H. (1995). Orenthal James Simpson and Gender, Class, and Race: In that Order.Hastings Women's LJ,6, 223. Williams, L. (2001).Playing the race card: Melodramas of Black and White from Uncle Tom to OJ Simpson(Vol. 134). Princeton: Princeton University Press.